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The three books I read in the holidays personally affected me in more than one way, not only inspiring me to achieve my goals, grow in character, overcome difficulties and become more spiritual. The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari by Robin Sharma is a book which truly inspired me to stretch my imagination, dream further and to achieve my full potential. In his books he says, â€Å"The path to success is the hardest at the beginning, messiest in the middle and best at the end. † This one sentence is so true and ultimately defines reality. This has shown me how important is to strive towards your goals and that although we all encounter challenging situations in life, if we face them head on and grab the bull by the horns we end up reaping the rewards. Personally this has motivated me to work my hardest in my matric year and to work towards improving my marks, studying harder and doing the best I possibly can. One of the most important aspects the book taught was how vital it is to create a balance in life, which means in order for me to succeed in matric I have to balance my sports, my work and my social life in order to create equilibrium. Not only to live a life of purpose, but to have a full appreciation of each moment daily. The Perks Of Being A Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky was a different book to the others I read as the book almost pulled you into the story and you felt as if you were the main character and you shared all the same experiences. Chbosky showed me how important it is to spend time with your family and fellow peers and to embrace every minute you get to spend with them as well as dealing with situations which are not always ideal. One of the sentences in the book that stood out for me which was, â€Å"Even if we don’t have the power to choose where we come from, we can still choose where we go from there and achieve the impossible. † This taught me even if I make decisions or choices which didn’t work out, there remains hope for the future and I must focus on the present and not look back on the past. The main character was Charlie who was similar to me at the beginning of high school, like him I struggled to make friends in the beginning but as the year progressed I ended up with a few, close true friends. In the book he asked his L. O teacher for some advice and why it’s so hard to find real friends, and he replied, â€Å"We accept the love we think we deserve. † And this showed me how true it is to reality. We socialize with people who accept us for who we are, that help us grow and help teach us valuable life lessons Personally this prepared me mentally for the year ahead that even if I don’t achieve the result I hope for, I will move on as the future is the world of un-seen opportunity and surprises. A Survival Guide For Life by Bear Grylls affected me by making me take a look at everyday life and situations and how to approach them differently, as well how important it is to work and get along with others. This book taught me how important preparation is as this is one of most important keys to success, especially as organisation and preparation are extremely vital in matric. Grylls also illustrated to me how I must learn to work together and how team-work can make your life a whole lot easier. I learnt how important is to persist no matter how long it takes to achieve my vision. He inspired me to be a stronger leader and to live life more on the edge and that my dreams are reachable and mustn’t let anybody tell me differently. Each of the books I read had a different message for me and gave me insight into various aspects of life from the most simple things from making my life easier, to never giving up and striving to attain my goals, but the most important lesson I took away from the books was there are endless opportunities in the world and to never stop dreaming.

Chain Analysis: Literature Review and Application on Ikea

November 28, 2012 November 28, 2012 Aisling Lynch C09687271 Aisling Lynch C09687271 Stratgic management the value chain concept: literature review and application analysis on IKEA Stratgic management the value chain concept: literature review and application analysis on IKEA Contents * Introduction * Origination * Porter’s Value Chain Concept * Linking of the Value Chain * Focus on External Sources * The Future – Conclusion * Ikea Example * References DeclarationI, the undersigned, declare that this report is entirely my own written work, except where otherwise accredited, and that it has not been submitted for a degree or other award to any other university or institution. Introduction Since the 1980’s academics have been pointing to a firm’s own activity pool for analysis, as a way of determining competitive advantage. It was in 1985 that the term â€Å"Value Chain† was coined by Michael Porter (Porter 1998) and all its subsidiary headings. I will look at some of the literature surrounding the Value Chain concept to see how it has evolved and changed since its beginning two decades ago.Using this literature I will see what recommendations are cited to carry this concept into the future with an ever more globalized market. Finally an application of this literature will be carried out on Ikea: a global company that has changed with market trends when necessary to stay a top player in its industry. Origination Kippenberger identifies in his research, how the idea of analyzing internal activities as a source of competitive advantage began in the early 1980’s with McKinsey’s Business Systems Concept (Kippenberger 1991).Through this concept, firms could look at their own activity pool and performances and compare these to that done of their competitor. This comparison would then act as a source of competitive advantage. Michael Porter took influence from this research and began to fine tune it even further. His creat ion of the Value Chain concept in 1985 (Porter 1998) has been the topic of detailed research by academics in diverse fields: strategic management (Johnson et al. 2005), marketing (Webster 1988), and customer loyalty (Parasuraman 2000) to name a few.The concept was an aid to identify sources of competitive advantage by providing a basis of differentiation (Porter 1998). According to Porters earlier research, differentiation could be created by using one of both of the following strategies: lower relative cost, or some form of differentiation offering (Porter 1998). Porter’s Value Chain Concept The original concept started with a tool called the Value Chain which when implemented correctly helped to break down all activities that a business took part in, in order to identify and understand the sources of competitive advantage (Porter 1998).Johnson et al. (2005) states that the value chain can be used to understand how a company creates or loses value in its activities. This nee ds to be identified if the company achieves competitive advantage by providing value to their customers. By stripping systems back to ‘strategically relevant activities’ (Porter 1998), cost savers and creators can be identified as well as the activities that house sources of differentiation. If these are carried out more efficiently, better or cheaper than competitors, then competitive advantage is created (Parasuraman 2000).Kippenberger reminds us that in the original concept all of a firm’s activities can be broken down into two categories (Kippenberger 1991): primary and support. Primary activities are concerned with the physical creation and delivering of the product (Johnson et al. 2005); whilst support are the activities that supply primary ones with purchased inputs, human resources and technology. It also supplies the entire chain with firm infrastructure (Kippenberger 1991). All activities are embedded into a ‘stream of activities’ called th e value system (Porter 1998).These ‘generic description of activities’ should be mapped out in an activity system (Johnson et al. 2005). This disaggregation of discrete activities can isolate the value creating areas from the lacking (Porter 1998). In this way not so important areas can be combined or ‘clustered’ (Johnson et al. 2005). Thus the firm can now see which areas of activities they should be concentrating their resources on; and which they should de-emphasis or outsource (Johnson et al. 2005). Often the categorization of activities relies on judgment (Kippenberger 1991).Linking of the Value Chain This system of mapping out and categorizing activities helps the firm to link its competencies to competitive advantage (Normann 1993). Relating your core competencies back to your resources is a successful way to gain competitive advantage (Lusch 2011); and participation of this is key to good strategy in a business (Normann 1993). Optimizing co-ordinati on between some activities may take place, as well as trade-offs between activities in order to achieve an overall more successful value result (Porter 1998).Once activities have been clustered or isolated depending on their ‘higher order strategic themes’ (Porter 1998), the links between the different activities need to identified and analyzed in order to spot any potential competitive advantage sources that lie here (Kippenberger 1991). And so to, the notion of relationship and information management in the value chain arises in the different literature. Emphasis needs to be placed on the relationships between all activities within the firm and with external organizations (Walters 2000).Information plays a significant role in good relations as it helps to co-ordinate all activities in the value chain, and implement any sources of competitive advantage found. Walter and Lancaster (2000) relate back to Browns 1997 industry perspective of value whereby concerns raised in the value chain are to do with supply chain management and logistics involvement. In the upper part of the supply chain, inputs are created or provided by suppliers; the company then adds value to these inputs before handing the product or service downstream, finally reaching the end consumer (Porter 1998).Although most of the literature see’s the participation of the supply chain and logistic elements as a necessary involvement in the value chain in order to gain competitive advantage; these essentials play different roles in different literatures. Supply chain management has also been seen as the management of the differing relations along the value chain that take place to maximize value creation (Walters 2000). Every value creating activity is facilitated by logistics such as the management of costs that occur within the supply chain. Focus on External SourcesSo far, the value chain and its successful application has revolved around the industrial view. However to modern ize the value chain from its 1980’s foundations a focus on maximizing value starting from external sources has come to play. Instead of looking at one’s own activities within a business and its supply chain and logistical partners to spot sources of competitive advantage, businesses may start value chain analysis by looking at their target customer (Webster 1988),. Taking a customer-centric approach to the value chain means that when analyzing activities one is looking to see if it maximizes value for the customer.Value opportunities are now distinguished by their ability to satisfy customer’s needs (Walters 2000). High perceived value is a determinant of customer loyalty (Parasuraman 2000). Research has shown that customer loyalty and retention is more profitable than gaining of a new customer pool. Thus it is in a business’s best interest to optimize value creation in the minds of their customer. Value should not be solely focused on product quality, as service quality has been found to be a driver of value perception (Parasuraman 2000). This is especially the case where the product offering and service quality overlap e. . a hotel stay. The idea of customers’ needs and value perceptions being paramount to the company needs to stem from every aspect and level within that company. There needs to be an organizational believe in order to create a customer orientated firm (Webster 1988). This should start at top management and the CEO and then instilled into every aspect of the company. Thus the idea of an information flow and relationship management comes to the forefront again. Value creation is aided by a good fit between relationships and knowledge within a value chain (Normann 1993).This also contributes to good strategy within an organization where by all equally informed members working pro-actively together helps to create value in whatever activity they may be partaking in (Normann 1993). The value proposition (the val ue the customer understands is being offered to them [Walters 2000]) should be communicated to all stakeholders also (Lusch 2011). It needs to have an appeal to the stakeholders so that they can see the potential value for themselves in putting customer needs first (Lusch 2011). Through this aim, the idea of ‘corporate value’ is introduced (Walters 2000).Corporate Value is the notion that if a value chain is to be successful it is crucial that the objectives of all stakeholders as well as customers are to be met. Managing the relationships between all relevant parties through the provision of information is pertinent again. This management is facilitated by the supply chain and logistical functions (as discussed earlier) within the value chain. The Future – Conclusion A number of themes keep re-emerging from the literature; all of which are noted to be prominent drivers of a successful value chain, thus being a source of competitive advantage.Corporate value and the value chain should become a guide for a company’s mission statement. Supply Chain functions facilitate the strategic direction of fulfilling this mission statement. Logistics helps to implement this whole chain by managing operations (Walters 2000). To succeed in value chain management a number of factors need to be considered. Firstly customer value criteria needs to be identified. In this way a company can ensure that when carrying out Value Chain management they co-ordinate all activities and their suppliers so that customer satisfaction and the attempt to meet stakeholders objectives is maximized.This should be carried out continuously so that at no time should there be a more preferable option to ensure value satisfaction (Walters 2000), (Parasuraman 2000). Successful implementation of supply chain management and logistical functions to aid favorable results in the value chain, can only be done so by the management of relationships and information (Normann 1993). Man y relationships take place within the value chain such as relations between employers and employees, the firm with its customers and stakeholders, and the business with its partners in the supply chain (Kippenberger 1991).Relevant information must be passed to each and every individual within the value chain (Walters 2000). Through good relations, companies can spot value creators and sources of differentiation within the vale chain (Porter 1998). Thus successful companies will learn how to re-invent value rather than just create it (Normann 1993). This will provide competitive advantage in today’s globalized market where competition is immensely high. The value chain can now also be used as a tool for evaluating new business opportunities (Walters 2000).Globalization has also caused a change in customers’ needs and value criteria with the onset of increasing competitor choice in most industries. Thus tapping into customer’s wants and needs must be done on a con tinuing basis (Parasuraman 2000). This market intelligence needs to be communicated to everyone in the value chain in order that the chain be reconfigured to ensure maximum customer satisfaction and value at all times (Webster 1988). Value propositions should be looked at again. This is the way in which a customer understands the value offered to them (Walters 2000).Firms need to mobilize their customer base so that they can create their own value from the company’s product offering (Normann 1993). They can use their value proposition as a tool for doing so. IKEA Example Six decades ago Ikea founder Ingvor Kampvad began a Swedish mail order operation selling furniture (Ikea 2012). Today, it is the global leader in home furnishing expanding into new geographic and product markets each year (Ikea 2012). By November 2011 the company had 332 stores in 38 countries worldwide (Collins 2011); 2010 saw them with an increase of 7. 7% in sales growth from the previous year ($23. Billio n) (Collins 2011). But how does their use of the value chain attribute to this success? Ikea’s business model is simple: the selling of high quality, Scandinavian designed, flat pack furniture. New product lines have been added to their product offering such as the introduction of soft furnishing items e. g. rugs, paintings etc. Profit making amenities are also located within all their stores such as coffee shops and restaurants. What Ikea saves on efficient warehousing (Ikea Distribution 2011) and low cost components, they pass onto their customers in the form of lower prices.Apart from this low cost strategy the company are able to maximize their organizational practices within the value chain in order to provide greater value to their customers in comparison to fellow competitors. By re-inventing their value proposition they have mobilized customers to take their own value from their offering. Customers are doing the jobs that furniture providers once did such as assemblin g of the product. Ikea aims to ensure that this is as seamless a process as possible for the customer by providing good quality, easy to fit components along with safety warnings and instructions.If we go along Porters definition of value (Porter 1998) -value is what consumers are willing to pay for what a firm provides- then we can see from the Ikea example that consumers perceive the ease of assembly and instructions provided as high value for the low cost that they pay. Similarly when entering the store, customers are provided with measuring tapes, pens and paper etc. This allows the consumer to take over the role of the salesperson partially. This is aided by the amount of information provided about each product through their catalogue (also available upon store entry) and on product displays.Again, these additions communicate extra value gained in the consumer’s mind by shopping at Ikea versus a competitor. Ikea have reinvented the idea of value for their customers. They do not position themselves as a supplier offering finished goods to an end-consumer. Instead they act as a mediator between two sets of producers (Ikea 2012), whereby the end consumer is also a producer as it is he who finalizes and assembles the offering. Suppliers are located in 50 countries around the world (Ikea 2012). They are selectively hosen to provide low cost, good quality wood that also complies with Ikea’s ‘Iway’ programme, whereby all wood must be obtained in a sustainable and traceable manner (Ikea 2012). By managing good relations with their suppliers in the value chain, good quality, low-priced raw materials can be guaranteed, and constantly meet the Ikea standards. Ikea also heightens the value created by their suppliers through their ‘Ikea Engineering’ programme (Ikea 2012). Technicians are provided for suppliers to aid in technical assistance.Between their online and in store till sales, ordering and payment of goods is done elect ronically (Ikea 2012). This passing of information between activities makes it easier for their warehouses to analyze shipping patterns and sales globally (Ikea 2012). Stock quantities and deliveries can also be amended with ease. The communicating of information and managing of relations between all retail and supplier units worldwide means that standards are kept the same and are controlled no matter which Ikea location a customer may be in.This means that no matter where the customer enters an Ikea outlet, that the value provided remains constant and high. Thus providing Ikea with the loyalty that earns them their competitive edge in this growing industry. References 1. Collins, L. (2011, October). How Ikea transformed home furnshings: The New Yorker. Retrieved from The New Yorker: http://www. newyorker. com/reporting/2011/10/03/111003fa_fact_collins 2. Grewal, D. P. (2000). The Impact of Technology on the Quality-Value-Loyalty Chain: A Research Agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. , 28(1), 168-174. 3. Ikea. (2011).Ikea Distribution. Retrieved from Ikea: http://www. ikea. com/ms/en_US/jobs/business_types/distribution_logistics/index. html 4. Ikea. (2012). Ikea-History. Retrieved from Ikea: http://www. ikea. com/ms/en_IE/about_ikea/the_ikea_way/history/index. html 5. Johnson, G. S. (2005). Exploring Corporate Strategy. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. 6. Kippenberger, T. (1991). The value chain: the original breakthrough. The Antidote, 2(5), 7-10. 7. Lancaster, G. W. (2000). Implementing value strategy through the value chain. Management Decision, 38(3), 160-178. 8. Lusch, R. W. (2011). A Stakeholder-Unifying,

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Personnel Economics - Essay Example The company has the following operational units: Enterprise Fleet Management, Enterprise Car Sales, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, and Enterprise Rent-A-Truck. In spite of the fact that a customer within each and every one of these markets is in need of different products, every customer, whether private or business, requires a convenient, speedy and reliable service. Car rental as a business continues to be competitive. Enterprise is continually expanding the range of services it has, in a bid to meet the needs of the consumers (Kazanjian 40). Apart from business rentals at city and airport locations, the company also avails replacement cars for the repair of accidents, holiday rentals at short-term intervals for special occasions or breaks, and courtesy cars to be used in garages. Moreover, the enterprise offers a service of collecting consumers and taking them to their cars for hire. Upholding high customer satisfaction levels is an essential proponent of growth within the company. Enterp rise’s emphasis is delivering high-class customer service. It has on regular occasions won awards to this accord. The small and local office structure of the company and their entrepreneurial teams of employees have the capacity to whip out crucial decisions independently, and are, as such, able to attain their goals. The case study herein examines the manner in which the enterprise is able to screen and recruit the right personnel and skills in order to attain its business objectives and aims (Kazanjian 44). The Human Resource Management’s Role The human resource management’s purpose is to hire, consequently train, and ultimately develop staff. Where necessary, the department disciplines personnel or dismisses them. Though comprehensive training and development, the enterprise’s employees are promoted in the company and attain their full potential. This modus operandi reduces the company’s need for recruiting external personnel by making maximal u se of the existent talent (Compton and William 36). In terms of cost effectiveness, this is an effective way in which a business can manage its personnel. The human resources department not only functions to manage present staff but also plans for approaches of effecting changes bound to affect its staffing needs in the future. This phenomenon is referred to as workforce planning. For instance, the business may accrue growth into emerging markets such as truck rental. It may also adopt the use of new technology that necessitates new skills, such as global positioning. Moreover, personnel can retire or may be promoted, hence leaving gaps that have to be filled (Kazanjian 48). External changes in the labor market may occur, and this means that fewer skills will be available in a particular area, with other areas being inundated with professionals. Human resource management takes charge of planning for all tenets that define the company’s strategy for planning and recruitment. T he human resource management function of the company, therefore, plays a focal role in the business since all the managers make use of their expertise in their quest to acquire staff. The enterprise has an intrinsic policy of manager promotion from within its existent workforce. What this means is that the business has an obligation to recruit individuals who exhibit potential for growth. On an annual basis, an average of 1,000 employees is recruited into the

My Mother Essay Example for Free

My Mother Essay The film centers on Manuela, a nurse who oversees donor organ transplants in Ramà ³n y Cajal Hospital in Madrid and single mother to Esteban, a teenager who wants to be a writer. On his seventeenth birthday, Esteban is hit by a car and killed while chasing after actress Huma Rojo for her autograph following a performance of A Streetcar Named Desire, in which she portrays Blanche DuBois. Manuela has to agree with her colleagues at work that her sons heart be transplanted to a man in A Coruà ±a. After traveling after her sons heart, Manuela quits her job and journeys to Barcelona, where she hopes to find her sons father, Lola, a transvestite she kept secret from her son, just as she never told Lola they had a son. see more:speech about my mother In Barcelona, Manuela reunites with her old friend Agrado, a warm and witty transsexual prostitute. She also meets and becomes deeply involved with several characters: Rosa, a young nun who works in a shelter for battered prostitutes and is pregnant by Lola; Huma Rojo, the actress her son had admired; and the drug-addicted Nina Cruz, Humas co-star and lover. Her life becomes entwined with theirs as she cares for Rosa during her pregnancy and works for Huma as her personal assistant and even acts in the play as an understudy for Nina during one of her drug abuse crises. On her way to the hospital, Rosa asks the taxi to stop at a park where she spots her fathers dog, Sapic, and then her own father, who suffers from Alzheimers; he does not recognize Rosa and asks for her age and height, but Sapic is cleverer and knows Rosa. Rosa dies giving birth to her son, and Lola and Manuela finally reunite at Rosas funeral. Lola (whose name used to be Esteban), who is dying from AIDS, talks about how she always wanted a son, and Manuela tells her about her own Esteban and how he died in a car accident. Manuela then adopts Esteban, Rosas child, and stays with him at Rosas parents house. The father does not understand who Manuela is, and Rosas mother says its the new cook, who is living here with her son. Rosas father then asks Manuela her age and height. Manuela introduces Esteban (Rosas son) to Lola and gives her a picture of their own Esteban. Rosas mother spots them from the street and then confronts Manuela about letting strangers see the baby. Manuela tells her that Lola is Estebans father; Rosas mother is appalled and says: That is the monster that killed my daughter?! Manuela flees back to Madrid with Esteban; she cannot take living at Rosas house any longer, since the grandmother is afraid that she will contract AIDS from the baby. She writes a letter to Huma and Agrado saying that she is leaving and once again is sorry for not saying goodbye, like she did years before. Two years later, Manuela returns with Esteban to an AIDS convention, telling Huma and Agrado, who now run a stage show together, that Esteban had been a miracle by not inheriting the virus. She then says she is returning to stay with Estebans grandparents. When asking Huma about Nina, she becomes melancholic and leaves. Agrado tells Manuela that Nina went back to her town, got married, and had a fat, ugly baby boy.

The Esping Andersens Welfare Regime Typology

The Esping Andersens Welfare Regime Typology This assignment will be analysing precisely on the Esping-Andersens welfare regime typology along with its illustration. In order for a better understanding of the illustration, three countries will be used as ideal examples for the different typologies, namely the United Kingdom, Sweden and Germany. In addition to the illustration using the three countries stated, the Esping-Andersens welfare regime will also be assessed further in depth. CONTENT There are two major paradigms of the explanation of the welfare state expansion which are the social and economic factors, and also the political factor. The social and economic factors are usually the main driving force of welfare state expansion which is also based on the logic of industrialisation. The industrialism is a long term and inevitable effect of economic development in which when the economic productivity increases, the resources for the welfare will necessarily increase too. Additionally, industrialism will bring in many other factors such as urbanisation and peoples relocation effects, population growth and their changing composition together with the growth of the nation states bureaucratic capability in terms of delivering their welfare (Quadagno, 1987). Another major explanation of expansion of the welfare is the political factors. The structure and generosity of welfare state can only be explained if we take into account the power resources of social classes and th e fusions between them. In addition, powerful and trade union movements also the social democratic parties are also recognised as decisive political actors for the development of universal social rights. These two major theories of the development of the welfare state all have its relevance and are inter-related to each other (Castles, 2010). This is also what Esping-Andersen believes in. In Esping Andersens major and most influential work, written in The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, he stated that de-commodification and also social stratification of a country are the key issues in terms of assessing the welfare state. These two are also known as the main indicators as measurements of quality of the welfare state provided. The first indicator, de-commodification in this perspective is actually the degree to which a social service is being rendered to the people of the country as a matter of right and to the degree which a person can maintain his livelihood without relying on the market (Pierson and Castles, 2006). Different typologies of welfare state have different degrees of de-commodification it offers to its people. The level of this de-commodification can be measured by three sets of dimensions which are the rules that govern peoples eligibility to welfare benefits, level of income replacement for those on benefits and the range of entitlements provided (E sping-Andersen, 1990). As for the other indicator, social stratification is the degree to which welfare state differentiates between different social groups, for instance on the basis of occupational status or gender (Cochrane et al, 2001). The welfare states vary considerably with respect to those two principles; the de-commodification or social rights and stratification. As the welfare state variations are not linearly distributed as it is dependent on the different arrangements among the state, market and the family, Esping-Andersen stated that welfare states can then be divided into three different ideal welfare regime typologies. They are the liberal regime, conservative regime and finally, the social-democratic regime type (Kolberg, 1992). The liberal welfare state is characterised by means-tested assistance, modest universal transfers, or modest social insurance plans that predominate. These cater mostly to people of low income (usually those in the working-class and are state dependents). This model of welfare state created entitlement rules that are strict and are also often associated to stigma although the benefits given out are in general modest. For this reason, the state will then encourage the market to guarantee and subsidise private welfare schemes. Subsequently, this welfare state regime minimises de-commodification effect and encourage a higher degree of social stratification due to the private schemes predominating and also the different welfare state recipients which will clearly result in inequality (Kolberg, 1992). An archetypical example of this welfare regime model is the United Kingdom which will be used in order to illustrate and assess this welfare state regime better, although it was identified to be more of a hybrid-liberal regime before this. In accordance to the Esping-Andersens indicators for welfare state, the United Kingdoms de-commodification is fairly low and thus fit into the Esping-Andersen ideal model of liberal regime. According to him, the United Kingdom has a low index of de-commodification of 23.4 which is the combination of the following individual de-commodification indexes; pensions of 8.5, sickness benefits of 7.2 and unemployment insurance of 7.7 (Bambra, 2006). As for the countrys social stratification, the score is 6 within the liberal scale which is deemed to be medium-low (Scruggs and Allan, 2006). This aspect however does not fit into the ideal liberal welfare regime of Esping-Andersen which is supposedly to be high. In addition to that, unlike the traditional lib eral countries such as the United States (which is known as the prototype of liberal regime), the United Kingdom has a National Insurance system which was introduced by Beveridge in 1942 (Spicker, 2012). Included in this system is the National Health Service (NHS) which is provided to all on a free of charge basis which is not a character of a typical liberal regime. Along with that, the United Kingdom consists of four different constituent countries which have their own devolved self-government such as that in Scotland which its education structure is different to that in the other part of the country. This is also one of the main criticisms of Esping-Andersens welfare regime as it cannot be found in pure form such as in this case. However, the United Kingdom can still be categorised to be a liberal regime as the country generally only provides social security to its people based on their need which this can be referred to act only as a safety net. Additionally, this social securit y offered by the state funded by taxation are only very limited and are highly stigmatised due to its means-tested distribution such as the Working Tax Credit even though they do give out benefits to those who need it most (Schifferes, 2005). Moreover, as the recent current policy reforms in the United Kingdom that affect the social security such as the NHS, which its principle of universality and future is subject to change, only sums up to push the country further in becoming more into the liberal regime. All the discussed aspects of the United Kingdoms welfare system pretty much tally up the countrys regime of being in the liberal typology. The second welfare regime identified by Esping- Andersen is the conservative welfare state regime. This regime is typified by a moderate level of de-commodification. This regime type is shaped by the twin historical legacy of Catholic social policy, on the one side, and corporatism and total control of the state over individual citizen (etatisme) on the other side. This blend had three important consequences in terms of stratification. The first one is the direct influence of the state will be restricted to their provision of income maintenance benefits related to the peoples occupational status which means that the sphere of unity remains quite narrow and corporatist. Moreover, in this regime labour market participation by married women is strongly discouraged, because the corporatist regime which is highly influenced by the Church are committed to the preservation of traditional family structures (the classic male breadwinner model). Social rights as reflected in the degree of de-c ommodification produced by state policies and program however, did not include the gender dimension of women who perform unpaid labour which is another main criticism of Esping-Andersens welfare regime from feminist view (Sainsbury, 1999). Another important characteristic of this regime model is the principle of subsidiarity, a situation where the state rather than the market will interfere when the familys capacity to meet its family members need is unmet (Arts and Gelissen, 2002). Due to these reasons, the degree of stratification this welfare regime produce is fairly high. An example of the conservative welfare regime is the country Germany, which is the prototype illustration of this regime. Following Esping-Andersens indicator of de-commodification, Germany score 27.7, in which it is considered to be as medium. This score combined the three individual de-commodification indexes of the following; 8.5 of old age pensions, 7.9 for the sickness benefits and finally, the unemployment insurance of 11.3 (Bambra, 2006). This is in accordance to Esping-Andersens suggestion of conservative regime that has a medium degree of de-commodification. The welfare for the people in Germany is based on their occupational scheme and is funded through their personal contribution. As stated, the old age pension score in the de-commodification index for Germany is low as it requires the people to contribute for quite a period of time for their pension rights together with a large amount of individual financial contribution. As a result, the replacement rate of contribution for the people will be different as it is dependent on the occupation. This consequently results in a high social stratification for the country at a score of 8 in the conservative scale (Scruggs and Allan, 2006). In addition to that issue, the country made familial obligations its priority and thus, practise the principle of male breadwinner model in which only the male in the family are allowed to be in the labour market. The vindication for this is that if women are allowed to be working, the countrys social security will then have to be re-constructed, as traditionally their welfare is highly dependent to that of their spouses or male family member as their welfare source. Due to this reason of oppressing womens right, the gender inequality is remarkably high in Germany particularly, in terms of income as women are usually performing unpaid labour work such as childcare in their households as expected with the feminist criticism view on the Esping Andersens regime typology. The social welfare of women is tied up to their spouses instead of on their own. Also, it is the market (employers) itself that organise the employees social insurance instead of the state (they are also known as the social partners). All of these factors of Germany discussed correspond to the characters of an ideal conservative model as per discussed by Esping-Andersen himself. A reason of why as suggested by Arts and Gelissen (2002) that Germany is definitely the ideal type conservative regime. Finally, Esping-Andersen recognises a social democratic world of the welfare capitalism. In this model, the level of de-commodification is high, and the social-democratic principle of stratification is directed towards achieving a system of generous universal and highly distributive benefits not dependent on any individual contributions, thus the degree of social stratification is ideally low. Contrary to that of the liberal regime of welfare states, this welfare model crowds out the market and, consequently, constructs an essentially universal solidarity in favour of the welfare state (Esping-Andersen, 1990). The social policy within this model of welfare state is focused at maximising the capabilities of individual independence. Women in particular regardless of their status of whether having to provide childcare or not, are also encouraged in participating in the labour market, especially in the public sector. This type of welfare state regime is generally dedicated to full employment for its entire people in order to support the welfare state. Only by making sure tha t as many people as possible are in employment, is it possible to maintain such a high level unity welfare system as suggested by Arts and Gelissen (2002). In order to further analyse this welfare regime better, Sweden will be used as an illustration in order to discuss this in greater depth as many of the aspects of the social democratic model are indeed identified in the Swedish welfare state. This country has the most progressively redistributive welfare states under capitalism as it spends a great proportion of its national income on their welfare benefits and services than any other capitalist state, comparatively with particular emphasis on the concept of universality and participation of its citizen unlike the liberal and conservative models. This explains why Sweden has a profoundly high level of de-commodification of 39.1 with the pensions of old-age of 17.0, sickness benefits of 15.0 and also unemployment insurance of 15.0 as stated by Esping-Andersen (Bambra, 2006). Also, this is the reason why Sweden has a low degree of social stratification of 8 in the socialist stratification score (Scruggs and Allan, 2006). Swedens focus on the equality of its citizen is due to the path dependence of the strong social-democratic political dominance along with the fact that for several decades over 80 per cent of the Swedish workers have been organised in trade unions (Cochrane et al, 2001). The key element of this countrys generous welfare policies is full employment to its entire citizen including women which this also contributes to the low degree of stratification. Additionally, childrens welfare state is also fully taken care of throughout their lives (not just at certain age only) by the state instead of the family also as a right of citizen similar to that of women. Although the recent welfare reforms in Sweden has been happening due to the economic crisis (such as increase in income inequality and market instead of state welfare provider), Sweden is still in its own distinct group of social democratic model of welfare state (Kautto et al, 1999). This proves that the criticism of other scholars such as that of Kangas (1994) on the stability of Esping-Andersens typology over time is found ungrounded in this case of Sweden. CONCLUSION The Esping-Andersens welfare state regimes along with its two main indicators have been analysed above in order to better understand the illustrations of the welfare regime models provided by the three countries chosen to represent the regime. Although the country chosen for liberal welfare model is not the usual prototype country which is the United Kingdom, it has given a better understanding on how it is actually a hybrid before turning more into a liberal regime during the recent years now following the latest reforms. Additionally, it also shows that not all regimes come in pure form which is also one of the criticisms of this regime typology. As for the other two countries, Germany and Sweden, they are the prototype countries in representing their respective welfare regimes; conservative and the social democratic which gives a further, better explanation for the other two Esping-Andersens welfare regimes along with highlighting the problem of his regime typology that excluded t he female gender dimension.

Clinical and Mycological Profile of Dermatophytosis

Clinical and Mycological Profile of Dermatophytosis A CLINICAL AND MYCOLOGICAL PROFILE OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN KLES DR PRABHAKAR KORE HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTRE, BELGAUM† Dolly M.B.B.S. Department of Dermatology, J.N. Medical College, Belgaum, India B. S. Manjunathswamy M.D .Department of Dermatology, J.N. Medical College, Belgaum, India S.G.Karadesai M.D. Department of Microbiology, J.N. Medical College, Belgaum, India ABSTRACT Aim: To study the clinical and mycological profile of dermatophytosis in tertiary care hospital. Background and objectives: Dermatophytosis, a group of taxonomically closely related keratinophilic fungi called dermatophytes varies with geographical area as well as climatic conditions and there is vide variation in the spectrum of dermatophytic isolates. This study was aimed to understand the clinical and mycological profile of dermatophytosis. Methodology: The present one year cross sectional study from January 2013 to December 2013 was done in the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum A total of 125 patients presenting with dermatophyte skin infection were subjected to clinical examination and KOH examination for fungi and culture. Results: The commonest clinical forms noted were Tinea corporis (52%) and Tinea cruris (43.2%). Most of the patients were males (67.2%) (male to female ratio 2:1) and Tinea corporis was the commonest clinical diagnosis (48.81%). The commonest age group was 21 to 30 years (36%) and had Tinea corporis (56%) commonly. 36.8% of the patients had duration of > 35 weeks. The commonest morphological variant was noted as annular (37.6%). The KOH examination was positive in 78.4% cases and culture was positive for fungus in 64.8% of the cases. In patients with positive culture, T. mentagrophyte was the commonest isolate (48.15%). The commonest dermatophyte isolated was Trichophyton (88.64%). Conclusion: There is wide variation in the clinical and mycological profile of dermatophytosis. The detection of emerging organisms may be help in the treatment and adequacy of current pharmacologic regimens. Key words: Dermatophytosis; Mycological profile; Skin infection; Tinea corporis; Tinea cruris; Introduction Dermatophytosis is characterized by the infection of keratinized tissues such as the epidermis, hair and nails. Distribution of dermatophytes varies with geographical area. Further, there is wide variation in the spectrum of dermatophytic isolates. To understand the burden and trend of dermatophytosis, surveillance of the disease plays an important role. Considering the above facts the present study was designed to know the clinical and mycological profile of dermatophytosis so as to elaborate the epidemiological data in the region which will help in understanding the disease pattern and burden which may not only aid in taking adequate measures to prevent the transmission but also help in preventing spread of infection thereby reducing the disease burden. Materials and method This one year cross sectional study of 125 patients presenting with dermatophytes skin infection was conducted in the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, KLES Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belgaum from January 2013 to December 2013. Patient who are on antifungal treatment and cases who did not provide informed consent were excluded from the study. A detailed history was taken regarding duration and progress of lesion in past age, sex, and occupation. A complete dermatological examination for type of the lesion, morphology and distribution was done along with general physical examination. Clinical material was collected for KOH examination and culture using standard mycological techniques. SDA (Sabourauds Dextrose Agar) with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol were used for culture. The media were incubated at 250C and 370C for a minimum period of three weeks. Positive cultures were examined both macroscopically and microscopically for species identification. Results: Based on the clinical examination findings the commonest clinical forms noted were Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris, Tinea pedis, Tinea unguim, Tinea capitis, Tinea faciei, Tinea mannum and Tinea barbae. Multiple clinical forms were present in almost one fifth of the study population and the commonest clinical form was noted as Tinea cruris with Tinea corporis. Most of the patients were males (67.2%) with male to female ratio of 2:1 and 48.81% of the males had clinical type of Tinea corporis. The commonest age group was 21 to 30 years (36%) and had Tinea corporis (56%) commonly. Most of the patients (36.8%) reported duration of > 35 weeks. Maximum cases were noted in the month of August (16%). The commonest morphological variant was noted as annular (37.6%). The KOH examination for fungus was positive in 78.4% of the cases and culture was positive for fungus in 64.8% of the cases. Among the patients with positive culture, T. mentagrophyte was the commonest isolate noted in 48.15% of the patients. The commonest dermatophyte isolated was noted as Trichophyton (88.64%). Discussion: In our study various clinical forms dermatophytic infections were noted. The commonest clinical form was Tinea corporis (52%) followed by Tinea cruris (43.2%), Tinea pedis (9.60%), Tinea unguim (7.2%), Tinea capitis (2.40%), Tinea faciei and Tinea mannum (1.60% each), and Tinea barbae (0.8%). A recent study from Mysore Karnataka by Surendran KAK et al1 also observed Tinea corporis (44.3%) as the most common clinical pattern. In our study multiple sites were involved among 23 cases. Of these, Tinea cruris and Tinea corporis were present in 17 (73.91%) and Tinea corporis and Tinea pedis in three (13.04%) cases. In the present study males were commonly affected that is, almost two third of the patients (67.2%) were males with male to female ratio of 2:1. Tinea corporis was the commonest clinical type of dermatophytosis among males (48.81%) while in females it accounted among 58.54% of the patients. Sen SS et al2 and Jain N et al3 reported 48% and 37% of the male with Tinea corporis while Bindu V et al4 reported 54.6% of males. In this study, maximum patients belonged to age between 21 to 30 years (36%) and the next common age group was 31 to 40 year (19.2%). This was in accordance with a recent study from Mysore by Surendran KAK et al,1 Karnataka where maximum number of cases encountered in the age group of 16-30 years (44%) followed by the age group of 31-45 years (26%). Other studies by Sen SS et al2 from Guwahati in 2006 and Sahai S et al5 from Lucknow in 2011 also reported commonest age group as 21 to 30 years (44% and 32.4% respectively). Among them 45 patients with age between 21 to 30 years, 25 (56%) had Tinea corporis and 8 (18%) had Tinea cruris. Similar findings were noted by Bindu V et al,4 Singh S et al,2 Sen SS et al2 and Jain N et al.3 In this study maximum cases were noted between June to September (37.6%) with peak in the month of August (16%) which is similar to the findings of Kalla G et al57 and Sumana V et al.6 In this study the commonest morphological variant was noted as Annular (37.6%). The present study KOH examination for fungus and culture was positive in 78.4% and 64.8% of the cases respectively. Of the 98 cases with positive KOH examination for fungus, 81 (82.65%) cases had positive culture. A study by Belukar et al.7 showed culture positivity of 71%, which was much higher and close to the present study. In this study, T. mentagrophyte was the commonest isolate noted in 48.15% of the patients followed by T. Rubrum (43.21%). In a study recent study from Mysore by Surendran KAK et al,1 T. rubrum was the chief organism isolated with a percentage of 67.5% while T. mentagrophytes (20%) isolates were found second in frequency. T. mentagrophytes are relatively more prevalent in south India.1 Conclusion: The KOH examination for fungus was positive in 78.4% of the cases and culture was positive for fungus in 64.8% and in patients with positive culture, T. mentagrophyte was the commonest isolate followed by T. rubrum (43.21%). Overall there is wide variation in the clinical and mycological profile of dermatophytosis. Further KOH examination for fungus and culture play an important role in the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. References 1.Surendran K, Bhat RM, Boloor R, Nandakishore B, Sukumar D. A clinical and mycological study of dermatophytic infections. Indian J Dermatol 2014;59:262-7 2.Sen SS, Rasul ES. Dermatophytosis in Assam. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006;24:77-8. 3.Jain N, Sharma M, Saxena VN. Clinico-mycological profile of dermatophytosis in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008;74(3):274-5. 4.Bindu V, Pavithran K. Clinico-mycological study of dermatophytosis in Calicut. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2002;68(5):259-61. 5.Sahai S, Mishra D. Change in spectrum of dermatophytes isolated from superficial mycoses cases: First report from central India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011; 77(3): 335-6. 6.Sumana V, Singaracharya MA. Dermatophytosis in Khammam (Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, India). Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2004;47(2):287-9. 7.sBelukar DD, Barmi RN, Karthikeyan S, Vadhavkar RS. A Mycological study dermatophytosis in Thane. Bombay Hosp J 2004;46:2.

Erroneus Assumptions in The Trial and Death of Socrates Essay -- Philo

Erroneus Assumptions in The Trial and Death of Socrates In Plato's Crito, Socrates explains to his old friend Crito his reasons for refusing an offer to help him escape execution. One of the tools Socrates uses to convince Crito of the righteousness of his decision is a hypothetical argument concerning the state and laws of Athens. Central to this argument is the congeniality that Socrates had always found in Athens, reflected by the fact that Socrates chose to remain in Athens for most of his life. Such a choice, the laws insist, implies a tacit agreement between Socrates and the state of Athens, stipulating that Socrates either obey the laws or, when he deems the laws unjust, persuade the city to act in a more suitable fashion. It is this "just agreement" that prohibits Socrates from fleeing Athens to avoid execution. Socrates proves to Crito's satisfaction that to break this agreement would be to do wrong to the city of Athens, and as such it cannot be seriously considered. As he discusses his situation with Crito, Socrates refutes some of Crito's basic assumptions. Curiously, however, Socrates does not examine his own assumptions; he never once asks if his agreement with Athens is "just." He correctly assumes that Athens' congeniality to him obligates him to follow the tenets of the agreement, but he does not ask if Athens feels similarly obligated. This question is central, for if Athens fails to uphold its part of the agreement the agreement cannot be just and Socrates is freed from any duty to it. I will argue that Socrates' own reasoning, particularly that used in Crito and Euthyphro, will prove that it is not only not wrong to break the agreement, but also that it is wrong to abide by an unjust agreement, such as... ...nywhere in the text of the Crito or the Euthyphro, unlike most of the other claims, which were derived from actual arguments in one of these Socratic dialogues. Whether or not the agreement is rendered unjust by Athens actions is clearly a debatable point, which affects the rest of the argument. There does not seem to be a way to prove undoubtedly that the agreement itself is made unjust if one of the parties unjustly refuses to acknowledge its obligations. Theoretically, the agreement is still sound, but this argument rests on the idea that, in practice, the agreement can never be more than what the parties make it. Although far from incontrovertible, the claim that the agreement is unjust can at least be reasonably defended against criticism. And if the above argument is correct, Socrates died for the sake of the unjust action of adhering to an impious agreement.

Comparing Low-fat, Low-calorie, and Low-carbohydrate Diets Essays

Comparing Low-fat, Low-calorie, and Low-carbohydrate Diets Low-fat, low-calorie, and low-carbohydrate diets are of unequal effectiveness and merit. Low-carbohydrate diets are simply better. All three diets attempt to induce weight loss by managing the body’s energy intake. The body gets the energy it needs to stay alive from food. Food can be broken down into three major categories: carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Even though fat contains the most calories per gram, because of the way digestion works, the body gets all of its energy from carbohydrates and none from fat found in food. When the body takes in excess energy, it is stored in body fat. If it ever needs to, the body can dip into these energy reserves by breaking down the fat in which the energy is stored. Low-carbohydrate diets work by cutting back on the body’s main fuel source, carbohydrates, and replacing it with fat and protein. While protein and fat have other vital uses in the body, they do not provide any energy. So, the body is forced to burn fat for fuel. Lo w-calorie diets simply proscribe a lower overall caloric intake thereby providing the body with insufficient fuel, again forcing the body to dip into its reserves. Low-fat diets reduce fat intake because proponents of low-fat diets claim that fat is the type of food with the biggest caloric bang for its nutritional buck Low-fat diets are based on the fallacious connection between body fat and fat in food. There is no such connection, and this is a mistake that can have dire consequences. The body does not use fat as an energy source. People actually gain weight on low-fat diets because snacks toted as low-fat are frequently high in carbohydrates to compensate for the loss of flavor from lack of fat. Becau... ...st in calories. However, that connection is nonexistent and people can gain weight on low-fat diets if they are not careful. They also do not get enough of the vitamins that are only found in fat. Low-calorie diets stipulate a cutback in overall food intake. Such diets are effective but also cut back on essential vitamins. By reducing the amount of carbohydrates in a persons diet and replacing them with fat and protein low-carbohydrate diets safely and efficiently induce weight loss. Works Cited 1. Astrup, Anne, Thomas Meinert Larsen, and Angela Harper. Atkins and other low carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss. www.thelancet.com Vol. 364. September 4, 2004. 2. Nelson, David L. and Michael M. Cox. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Worth Publishers. 2000 3. http://www.weightlossforgood.co.uk/fat_information.htm

Helping Children Handle Stress :: Stress in Children

Stress is a common emotion or state that is experienced at difficult or threatening times. This is often not attributed to children, however, and can be even more detrimental to their mental and emotional state. High stress in children is both physically and psychologically harmful, which can affect behaviors and attitudes in the future.  High stress can cause children to lag in academic settings and turn to detrimental social behaviors. This can even lead to heart disease, depression, and other serious complications later in life (Segal and Smith, 2014). Taking preventive measures or intervening early in childhood can greatly decrease these risk factors and consequences. High stress in children interacts with a variety of factors, including attachment style and biology of the developing brain. Based on the social learning theory, caregiver’s active role and community care programs are essential in the intervention and prevention of high stress in children. Prevention and intervention of high stress in children is possible and necessary.There are many suggestions for parents on how to manage this. As mentioned above, the attachment style between the parent and child is crucial in how the child thinks and behaves. According to  Dozier and Cicchetti, interventions should concentrate on attachment styles in order â€Å"to increase parental sensitivity, and responsiveness to foster more secure parent-child relationships and alter the child’s inner working models† (2003, 2005). This emphasizes the importance of a â€Å"secure base† for the child in order to be active in their environment but also feel comfortable and safe that they have someone to fall back on in times of stress or trauma (Book). It is also important to note that the caregiver is more likely to affect the attachment relationship than the child (Goodman, 2007). Parenting style also affects the environment of the child, particularly on an emotional level. According to Baumrind’s theory on parenting styles, parents should be high in responsiveness and demandingness (1973). The social learning theory supports this and parents should be aware that they should â€Å"use clear, consistent, non-hostile guidance and discipline technique† (Fisher, Burraston, & Pears, 2005).  A clear relationship has been seen with the responsiveness and attentiveness of a parent and the stress levels of a child. In a study done by Gunnar and Fisher, parents were tested for responsiveness and sensitivity to the child several times as the child aged. The children were later tested and found to have greater levels of cortisol, which is a hormone released in response to stress (2006).

Narayan Murthy’s Retirement Speech Essay

Different people run out of endurance and intellectual horsepower at different points of time. Some people drop out of the marathon since they do not see any value in an organization when their own time under the arc light is over. A leader’s responsibility is to recognize this, provide them opportunities outside the organization, and usher in suitable replacements. Infosys’ journey is replete with many such examples. The Essence of Leadership : Many intelligent people possess a high ego and low patience to deal with people less capable than themselves. Leaders have to manage this anomaly very carefully; counsel these errant people from time to time, and allow them to operate as long as they do not become dysfunctional and start harming the organization. If they do cross the threshold it takes courage to inform the individuals that their time in the organization is over and that they have to leave. However, one aspect that marks out a truly superior organization is the ability of its employees at all levels to be driven by values and to ensure adherence and compliance under any circumstance. No individual is high or important enough for an organization to put up with non compliance. Leadership by example is what creates trust in people to follow a leader. As long as a leader is able to show his or her sacrifice and commitment to a cause others will follow him or her I am glad we decided on respect from our stakeholders (customers, employees, investors, vendor, partners, government of the land and the society) as the primary objective of the company. I have seen hundreds of instances of such leadership-by-example at Infosys. A sense of ownership among employees is extremely important to build a long term future for a corporation. Such ownership comes from fair merit based and generous sharing of wealth and perquisites among each member of the company. This is my answer to many of my friends who wonder why when Infosys was founded I took a small percentage of my earlier salary while every other cofounder’s salary was increased by at least 10 per cent. The same friends tell me that they do not know of any other instance where as much as 10 to 15 per cent of the company equity was given to co-founders who had just 12 to 18 months of work experience. I do not know of any Indian company that has given away as much as Rs 50,000 crore (at current stock prices) of stock options to employees. Today; every Indian employee at every level who joined us on or before March 2010 is a stockholder of Infosys. The point I would like to make is that such acts demonstrate that our leaders walked the talk in sacrifice and commitment. Strategy is about ensuring sustained differentiation m a changing environment for better net income margins Differentiation without better net income margins is meaningless. In my opinion operating margins and earnings before taxes depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) are not appropriate measures. In fact the best measure of differentiation is the per capita free cash flow generated. Such cash flows bring cash to invest in better people research and development infrastructure training and better customer and employee confidence The famous Harvard historian Niall Ferguson says in his book Civilization: The West and the Rest that the six attributes that have made Western civilization dominant during the last five hundred years are ompetition, science, property rights, medicine, consumption and a good work ethic. I have been saying for many years now that the factors that differentiate a corporation from its competitors are an enduring value system open mindedness, pluralistic and meritocratic approach and practicing speed, imagination and excellence in execution. Leaders have to focus on creating such an environment. The Essence of Leadership : Leadershi p is about taking bold and firm decisions with incomplete information in an environment of uncertainty: Leaders who waffle do not inspire confidence in their people. It is important to use as much data and modeling as possible to eliminate clearly bad decisions. My decision to walk away from a Fortune 10 company when they contributed 25 % of our revenue was one such example of decision making under uncertainty. It was a tough decision that was taken so firmly and calmly that the head of sales at Infosys at that time thought I was not bothered about the future of the company! I had to explain to him that I did indeed agonize over it but that as a leader I could not be driven by panic since such an important decision required a calm and composed mind. Every leader must have a mental model of his or her business with at best five to seven parameters that determine sensitivity to revenue and net income. It is important to update that model suitably as the business landscape changes. Any leader who cannot quickly do such sensitivity calculation would not be able to take quick and bold decisions. Even today I carry and update the mental model of our business in my mind. Generosity is an essential part of a leader. It is the foundation on which teamwork is built. The ability to share the limelight with ones colleagues, the ability to step aside and give opportunity to younger people when they want that fame, power and glory: and the ability to provide a safety net of advice for them is an important aspect of strengthening the future of an organization. It is not easy to give up power, particularly when you have been the object of so much adulation. I must say that Infosys has done a good job in bringing two such transitions before I leave the portals of this company. What Makes an Organization Worldclass : Scalability is the true test of the endurance of an organization. The ability to grow successfully without losing quality productivity employee investor and customer satisfaction and the spirit of a small company is what makes Infosys a great company. We have grown from 50 customers to 620 customers from 10 projects to 6,500 projects from 100 employees to 130,820 employees from 100 sq ft to 28 million sq ft of built up space and from 100 investors to over 450,000 investors. Such a scalability exercise has been successful thanks to our PSPD model of operation. PSPD stands for Predictability of revenues, Sustainability of such predictability, Profitability of such realized revenues and Derisking. Predictability happens because of a good forecasting system that derives realistic data from the trenches and tempers it with the wisdom of senior business leaders. Sustainability refers to the systems that help the efforts of sales people beating the pavement and meeting customers to make the prediction true, the efforts of our delivery people to deliver quality products on time within budgets, and to the efforts of our finance people raising the invoice on time and collecting money on time. Profitability refers to the systems that help our people make value-based sales, follow rigorous budgeting exercises, control costs, get best value for money and ensure the agreed-upon profitability. Derisking refers to systems that identify risks in various dimensions of our operations – people, geographies, technologies, application areas and services – collect periodic data, review the risk levels and mitigate them. Innovation is the best instrument for creating sustained differentiation. However it must be accepted that revenues for a corporation come from well understood ideas and business models. For example, most of a bank’s revenues will come from borrowing money at a certain rate and lending it at a higher rate. Part of the profits from such models will be used for research and development to generate new ideas. A few of these ideas will be seeded and some of them will become mainstream revenue earners. Therefore, it is very important for a leader to focus on innovation particularly when the times are good. Customers put food on our table. Therefore, we have to have a laser focus on exceeding their expectations, being open and honest with them, and ensuring that they look good in front of their customers. Employees are the only instruments we have to make our customers and investors succeed. Therefore, we have to create an environment of openness, meritocracy; fairness, transparency, honesty and accountability amongst our employees. Our investors understand that businesses will have their share of up and downs. They want us, the management, to level with them at all times. Therefore, â€Å"when in doubt, please disclose† is a good policy for a corporation. Society provides customers, employees, investors, bureaucrats and politicians. Therefore, earning the goodwill of every society that we operate in is extremely important for us. Global benchmarking is a powerful instrument that helps us to improve our self-confidence, compete with the best global competitors and serve our customers better. Success and Failure – We are our best friend and We are our Worst Enemies : We Indians must recognize as we have done at Infosys that we are our main enemies. There is no external enemy. Our failures are because of our lack of commitment to our cause, our inability to accept meritocracy and our indifference to honesty and want of a good work ethic amongst our leaders. Performance alone is the key differentiator. This stems from my belief that performance leads to recognition brings respect and respect brings power. Therefore if India wants to be a superpower as we keep hoping the only instrument we have is performance. We have demonstrated that businesses can be run legally and ethically that it is possible for an Indian company to benchmark with the global best and that any set of youngsters with values hard work team work and a little bit of smartness can indeed be successful entrepreneurs. This way we have enthused millions of young men and women in India. This in my opinion is Infosys’ greatest contribution. I have realized that humility grace and courtesy are genuine only when you have power and glory. That is why the leaders at Infosys have practiced this time and again. Humility provides us the strength of mind to learn from people better than us. Grace and courtesy make us worthy competitors. They also remind us that such glory and power are ephemeral and give us the strength to handle the days when we too could lose our shine. The crucial things we have to do in the future are to recognize our weaknesses; be open-minded about learning from people better than us; learn from our mistakes and not repeat them; be humble, honest and courteous; benchmark with the best in every dimension; use innovation to perform at global levels; and create a worthwhile vision and improve every day. This is how our mantra of focusing on speed imagination and excellence in execution will take this company very far. I have absolutely no doubt about it. I wish Kris and my fellow Infoscions the best in their journey forward. The board has been kind enough to name me the Chairman Emeritus. Therefore, I will always be there to add value if asked. Thanks, Narayana Murthy

Ethics and Information Technology

IMS657 ratified and honourable boldness of cultivation trunk Importance of moral philosophy among the IT victor Abstr procedure In tempt environment, morality is the common rules or amaze up for all(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) skippers attract to obey in rule to attain a enceinte environment in an boldness. Most of large mo think that morals and moral philosophy is roundthing that contend the same meaning to a greater extent e genuinely(prenominal)where in truth they ar non. The morals ar towards the private character, while morals stress a social formation in which those morals atomic number 18 applied. In other words, morals point to standards or codes of behaviours expected by the group to which the evaluateive(prenominal) belongs.The morals faculty be breeding honorable motive, social moral philosophy, companion morality, maestro ethical motive, or even family morals. So while a mortals moral code is usually unchanging, the moral philosophy of he or she practices ro engross be others to depend on. This paper is written ground on cultivation collection from m either sources such as webs, clauses, and books. So, this paper volition provide an overview on the enormousness of morals among the IT lords. Further more than(prenominal), it entrust be explaining the beneficial of fall ining morality to IT superiors in revise to achieve a salutary relationship among the representers or group fellow components in an logicalation.Keyword Importance of moral philosophy, ethical motive, Morals, IT pro souls P/S ABSTRACT N REFERENCE LUM SIAP nak interference semula nanti .. nie lum check lagi. 1 IMS657 sub judice and honorable case of culture body 1. 0 Introduction Nowadays, as we go through that, selective entropy engineering science move arounds the famous things in the orbit because just rough of engineering science makes our work fetch clear and it is real useful to the mass in order of magnitude to spot or do something. It is rattling unique of nurture engineering science same mobile device, computing device, and so on because it is variety of apply to the muckle immediately make the lot breeding more comfortable.But rival to the ethics of instruction engine room professional person, it merchant ship be seen that on how they apply the engineering science, bring through the genteelness engineering and built for it. In the short confines definition, learning applied science is the engineering that is utilise to fulfill the info. Like forthwith, we employ the calculating machine devices to process the data inwardly the disposal or step up of the shaping or the comp both. Nevertheless, when we come up with the info applied science professional, we leave al atomic number 53 penury to know the ethics I order to utilize the nurture engineering either it is unsloped ethics or the bad ethics. in that respect, ethics is think ofring to the bearing or moral of the individual pot in cursory life. It is precise signifi fuelt things that motive to know because it drop guide the achievement of the individual or agreement encompasss and objectives. Actually, ethics make us start more disciplines because we aim to follow the rules and procedures of the brass instrument. Ethics among selective breeding engine room professional open fire be defines as the attitude of entropy engine room professional in order to accomplish something ground on their appearance. It is because based on their behavior, it provoke show their made either they tush achieve the goals or non.It is depends on the train of ethics strangeness. culture engineering science professional mustinessiness spend a penny high of motivation or ethics in them self because they face with the study engine room where they strike facing on the entropy engine room which can process the data that bring to manage, analyze, design, implement, control, maintenance and storing. It is broadly referring to the hardw atomic number 18 that is familiar to process the data or learning like electronic electronic computer. As the schooling applied science professional, sometimes they wish to face with all challenges when their work in order to accomplish something work that withdraw to be through.It is the problem that the tuition technology professional in their profession. When the challenges or any issues that they use up to face, culture 2 IMS657 Legal and respectable font of Information System technology professional need to deliver the best to scram the solution to suppress their problem and it is their roles and responsibilities. It is in gen sequencel refer to the ethics of instruction technology professional on how they handle some issues or any challenges in their work or job. 2. 0Methodology In completing this condition paper, primary and auxiliary literatur es argon used to enable in depth under(a)standing of the immenseness ethics among data technology professional. For the primary literatures in order to fill in this term paper, more often than non I used observation regularity by review all the article that is related to the ethics among knowledge technology professional. Besides that, I used unessential data where I refer to the sources that atomic number 18 related to the clearic that I focus on such as books, article journals, earnings sources and so on.From the primary and unoriginal literature, I know cosy to the challenges that argon face by education technology professional and the issues that ar come up today. From the challenges or the issues, knowledge technology professional need to think on how to overwhelm the problem that they need to confront and find the alternative or the solution to inhibit it. It is based on their behavior on how they can settle their problem. The primary and supplemental l iterature method that be used, is truly crucial thing to know on what happened among the cultivation technology professional that are based on their behavior or ethics. IMS657 Legal and good opinion of Information System 3. 0 Definitions and concept of ethics There are various definitions of ethics. harmonise to the Britz, J. J. which come from department of Information intuition University of Pretoria, he defines ethics as the individual fulfil either good or bad and he told that ethics in the general term which make the peck come as the fully human. He prefer to the use of technology that are threat to the chasten of privateness of a person. As a person, ethics is very richness thing in our daily activities.As we know that, ethics is referring to the various courses. Maybe, ethics might be as the national ethics, social ethics, guild ethics, and family ethics and can be professional ethics. What is ethics? accord to Sir Aristotle which is the famous philosopher, eth ics is the custom, character or the habit of a person and in the simplest word it can be specify as the agreement of the moral principles. It is worked out from human reason and experience by human transaction that determines either proper(ip) or terms. But, a sociologist like Dr.Raymond Baumhart state that ethics is can be dual-lane into two divisions which is dutys, obligations, benefit to the hunting lodge, fairness of specifics virtue. It is refer to the moral beliefs. Secondly, ethics refer to the study and increment of the standards of the ethical. So, ethics told that on how the hoi polloi survive their lives and making the purposes. Today, we know that everybody take aim to be fast and smart. For the tuition technology professional m one(a)y is very wideness thing provided non in their career life.It is means that, career as the reading technology professional testament followed by their effort directly money is their reward on their effort. For the powerf ul organizations, information technology professional mostly refer to the ethics as the guidelines to achieve the goal of an organization. match to the Jefferson, guideline is crucial things because ethical principles that are provided leave alone assist them in the many of the professional decisions they leave alone make. Lacovino stated that ethics is the reasoned process save not scarcely how we tactile plaza close something because it can be a prevalent when we set a value to apply consistently. whatsoever of the researcher defined the ethics as the agent where it refers to the agent processes or action. When we come up with the professional ethics, means that what the person who is professional should do or should not do within the organization or outside the organization. That are stated by Mclarty (2007) but Worthington (2008) told that in heightening any information 4 IMS657 Legal and honourable Aspect of Information System technology, professional ethical issues can be occur. Nowadays, the forward-looking founding, all the services like meshing allow mint to connect right away to the information technology body.So, Worthington states that professionals are more likely to confront ethical issues when dealings with the medical internt and World Wide electronic network (WWW). In this term paper, I mostly focused to the enormousness of ethics among information technology professional. When we talk just about the information technology professional, it allow for focus on computer professional field. Being the IT professional, it is must be good certificates in information technology with their knowledge and their skill. It is the powerful joyride for providing job and the lineage opportunities and for meeting challenges in information technology field.First, the importance of ethics among information technology professional is amenable to ensure that computer technology does not used in the wrong slipway which can harm masses, environment and the indian lodge. That wherefore information technology professional need to be fair, loyal, honest and render ethical in its practices because they regard to be an employee where they work for an organization and make the organization become succeeder. With the good ethics or behavior among IT professional, they will work comfortably without feel tired on their job and responsible for(p) for(p) in term of care of the data or information in the system.With the ethics of the employee directly they can contribute repair for an organization. Besides that, the importance thing among the information technology professional is admission price the data. According to Gordana (2003), to perform the computer or information technology professional job, they will require to access the data still in order to fill out their occupation that they want to do. Besides that, to complete their chore, they are very careful in order to use the right time to complete their shed because they will plan better outset so that individually of the task can be settle step by step.It is also because of the thinking of the information technology professional which is very high level thinking by using the technology that are provided in an organization or they own technology. Therefore, quality of the data that they want to access is the factor that they should carry so that the task must be done properly in a good manner. So, in order to do the task by information technology professional, they will not engage at all whether the task or the job is complete or not and without any submersion that are cause by out-of-the-way ethics education. The other importance of ethics among information echnology professional is the procedure of information technology process that will time lag in secret. According to Dahlbom and Mathiasan, information technology 5 IMS657 Legal and good Aspect of Information System professional just only participate in development the task, it objective and the context explicitly. For the information technology professional, it is very importance things for big organization in order to survive the industriousness because they have own strategy that need to do or any bench mark which it can be the key success of the business today for them.Allocated the resources is also the importance of ethics among the information technology professional. They must be professional and more responsible and punctual in complete the task that they need do and need to be done properly. It is because information technology professional like computer professional, just only take part in toil with the time and the resources that are assigned which can make it possible to deliver a good job.Nevertheless, living in this era or modern information technology will happen something that are very wrong through the law which is computer plague and it is the one of the problems that need to be faced by information technology where it can at tack an organization in term of viruses and hackers that getting widespread over the years it is because Bynum (2001) stated that logical gage can be divided into quintet aspects such as consistency by ensuring the data and behaviour can beingnessness see today and same with tomorrow, hiding and confidentially, controlling the access to the resources, not special the data and the programs without proper authority in integrity and last but not list is in aspect uninjured service. As we know that nowadays, there are many malicious kids of bundle that being used to access certain system without authorization. Viruses, Trojan horse, worms and logic bombs are some of the example that can harm the computer system in an organization. It is show that unethical action happened there which could make breaking the company system and could be penalized receivable to the unauthorized access.Because of that, information technology professional should be concerns on the ethics that shou ld be apply in information technology themselves or the professional population who winding computer science so that, they could achieve a great environment information technology industries. At the same time, it can improved performance an individual in information technology field. Other than that, the importance of ethics among the information technology professional also will increase of appraise among the professional people. When talk about the respect it is come from the cooperation between the squad member which contribute to the development of the project that should be do by them and the 6 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System evelopers of the system understand the users require because from that, information technology can find the opportunities in order to develop some of the project to fulfil the user requirements. Besides that, ethics in information technology professional can leads the user or client satisfaction. As an example, computer professi onal will develop the systems that are related to the technology in order to satisfy the involvement of the users and directly can bring the good work environment by develop system. it will show that the performance of an organization if the information technology involve under the organization and make them become more professional in term of manage of information technology that are very importance in each of an organization in the world. 4. 0Ethics conceptual supposition Ethical theory provides framework to get at underlying rationale, classify and understand arguments and underpin conclusion about right and wrong that have in ethical perspectives. Deontology stack should follow to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma and it is very consistent decisions. Utilitarianism The ability to predict the sequences of action in order to determine which extract is Ethical Theory more beneficial. set It is considered to be ethically correct and valid to the so ciety. Virtue Judge a person by the character rather than by an action they may clash from the sane behavior. 7 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information SystemFigure 1 Ethics Theory All the ethical theory or concept above is define by the people who is expert in information technology profession or sociologist that are concern with the ethics and it is very importance that need to apply in information technology professional. 5. 0 Challenges in encouraging Ethical Behaviors among Information technology professional. There are several common challenges in developing ethical in information technology professional. Information technology needs to alert with their surrounding because many challenges that they need to faced when they complete their task within the organization. Below are the challenges that are faced by information technology professional in managed their information technology equipment and services. 5. liner with computer evils As we know that, nowadays is th e modern world. Therefore, all the technology that is used today mostly shows the progress technology. We know that media technology or the communication technology is very familiar to the people and the importance things is to the organization that are used the technology to implement and maintained the task in order to achieve the goals of an organization. But, when we deal with the advanced technology, the information technology professional need to be careful by used they ethical in term of complete the task. In this times, there are most of computer viruses and added with the hacker which also know as international spy.Here, the computer credentials is the crucial thing that needs to consider in the field of computer ethics by the information technology professional. By the way, the problem that is faced by them is not on the physical security but in term of logical security like privacy and confidentially, controlling access to the resources and so on. Hackers which are th e person who breaks into soul computer system without any licence directly can steal the data of an organization or privacy information. 5. 2 Intellectual berth rights connected with package program ownership. In this aspect of challenges ethics or the right. Many people think that software should be own able.Intellectual property is the one of the controversial areas of computer ethics. Some people think that software ownership not be allowed 8 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System at all and all the information should be free, all programs should be available for copying. In term of that, it is very wrong shipway according o the laws that are provided. As the information technology professional ethics, they need to know who take their intellectual property properly. 5. 3 Computer condition in the workplace that need to be concern As the information technology professional, the challenges that they faced is condition of the computer itself.Because of the compu ter of all time run to manage the data that are store in the system and to implement the data, maybe it will make the system down because the computer itself does not rest. When the system down happened that will make the information technology professional lack of ethics in order to monitor the system. 5. 4 Information privacy Privacy is the one of the computer ethics that need to be develop by public interest. The energy of the computer network can be used to gather the information, store, and search and retrieved the information making the computer technology treating anyone to nourish various kind of information that are privacy.It is the challenges also that are faced by the information technology professional particularly sensitive information like checkup record. Because nowadays, the people think so out-of-the-way(prenominal) in order to get the information and make it as the basic information that is not importance. It is because of the hacker that wants the informatio n. Therefore, information privacy nowadays also does not pay back in hundred percent. 5. 5 planetaryisation In term of globalization, computer ethics today is rapidly involved in more importance field. It is also can be known a global information ethics. Global networks like internet will connect people all over the world. Globalization refers to the variety of used like global cyber business, global education and so on.The world is very close to the technology which can provide electronic privacy and security on the interne in order to connect the international business transactions. This challenges is very familiar nowadays, because in 9 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System transaction of the business today cheating and fraud in business eer happened. 6. 0 Recommendations to address the challenges in encouraging ethical behaviors among information technology professional In reply to the challenges that are stated above, several recommendations are proposed as follow 6. 1 political relation should have a strict action with the computer crime. To address the challenges, I recommended that organisation of each country in the world should be strict to the computer crime based on the computer crime act.There, people who involved in the probe of the computer crime should find the people who do the wrong things in using computer until the people who make computer crime can be punished so that we can reduced the number of computer crime directly make it very clear. There, no give up action should behave but always find the ways on how to keep an eye on them. 6. 2 Discuss with the team member In this point, that I recommend, means that all the information technology professional that are deal with the information technology, should treat everything about the problem or the challenges that they faced in manage the technology and the system. For example, when people used t software and sale that software without any permission of the softwar e ownership, they could discuss about it on their intellectual property on how to take the action to the people who wrong in that situation.From the discussion with the team member, it will provide more decision and the best decision will be used to settle that problem. That is the good ethics when working in the group as the information technology professional. 6. 3 Told the society about the act of privacy We know that, government today implement the act of privacy but the society does not know about the act anymore. It is because the society today lack of information that they should know. When we told them about the act of 10 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System privacy, they will know what might be right and what might be wrong. From there, the act of privacy will be clear to the society. 6. 4Motivate the information technology professional In order to motivate the information technology professional, the vellicate management in an organization should lead the m in order to motivate them. aggrandisement management in an organization should incite the information technology professional when they do their job or work. It s very importance thing to do where the top manager alert with the leadership style or skill in each of the organization. Top manager should support their cater so that they will motivate to accomplish the task that is given. 6. 5 Organized seminar Some of the organization should organize the seminar o that all people involved in the seminar programmed.Especially, seminar about the information technology professional where the earshot of the seminar will focus on the information technology department in term of tell about the ethics of information technology professional includes their roles and responsible. Told them on how to faced the problem or any challenges and on how to overcome it immediately. 11 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 7. 0 Conclusion As the conclusion, by applying the ethics amon g the information technology, it will make the organization become more success and will make the individual become more talent when deal with something issues and any challenges that they need to face. By the ethics in themselves, will make them more professional in handling the information technology directly deals with the user or customer of the system.So, ethics is a set of principle that should have in all the people itself but not just only in information technology professional only. The importance of ethics among information technology professional should be concern by the people so that the environment of information technology become more special to the user and people who in charge on it. By applying the ethics also, we could determine that the right and wrong of an individual action. But, it is depending to the situation that is faced by the people. Therefore, with the ethics, information technology can avoid from the unethical action like unauthorized access, plagiaris m, disturbing people privacy hacking the information and etc. ecause of that, information technology profession, need to concern the code of ethics so that the individually performance could be improve and directly improve the company or organization itself in order to achieve the organization goals, vision, mission and objectives. 12 IMS657 Legal and Ethical Aspect of Information System 8. 0 References Bynum. (2001). Computer and information ethics. Retrieved April 10, 2013 from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/ethics-computer/ComCri Lacovino. (2002). Ethical principles and information professionals Theory, practice and education. Retrieved April 10, 2013 from http//www. alia. org. au/publishing/aarl/33. 2/full. text/iacovino. hypertext mark-up language Worthington. (2008). Ethics for ICT professionals. Retrieved April 11, 2013 from http//www. tomw. net. au/technology/it/ictethics. shtml 13